Excretion characteristics of nylon microplastics and absorption risk of nanoplastics in rats

Ingestion of environmental microplastics (MPs) by animals is receiving a great health concern, because of its potential adverse effects on organisms. Most ingested MPs will be excreted, while the health threats depend largely on the excretory dynamics. Although the excretion characteristics of MPs in invertebrates and fishes have been studied, information on the excretion of MPs in mammals remains lacking, especially for the fibrous MPs. Here, fibrous and granular MP and nanoplastic (NP) of nylon polymer (polyamide 66, PA66) were exposed in rats by oral in the first day, then the excretion behavior of ingested PA66 in rats was quantified using mass quantification of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) together with the microscope observation. Although most of the ingested PA66-MP or PA66-NP was excreted within 48 h, the three forms of PA66 were not completely cleared by the rats even after seven days excretion. The excretion of PA66 in rats was well-described by a first-order kinetics model, and the calculated half-lives of elimination of PA66 polymer in rats are 19.9 h (fibrous PA66-MP), 23.7 h (granular PA66-MP), and 36.9 h (PA66-NP), indicating rats excrete smaller MPs more slowly than the bigger ones. This was further confirmed by the particle size distribution of granular PA66-MP observed in feces. Besides, approximately 30% of the ingested PA66-NP were failed to be detected in feces, while the occurrence of PA66-NP in rat serum induced by PA66-NP ingestion was found. This indicates that PA66-NP can pass through the gut barrier and entered the blood circulation. Therefore, the health risks of ingested MPs, especially for the NPs, deserve further attention.