A neglected risk of nanoplastics as revealed by the promoted transformation of plasmid‐borne ampicillin resistance gene by <i>Escherichia coli</i>

Plastic pollution and antibiotic resistance are two emerging environmental and human health crises today. Although it was revealed that microplastics can serve as vectors for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance, it is still unclear how the nanoplastics influence the horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Herein, we firstly compared the effect of polystyrene (PS) micro/nanoplastics on the transformation of plasmid-borne ARG, using a transformation model consisting of plasmid pUC19 (amp^R ) and Escherichia coli DH5α (recipient). Due to its size effect, PS nanoplastics (10-500 mg/L) significantly enhanced the transformation efficiency (2.8-5.4 folds) and frequency (3.2-8.4 folds) of exogenous amp^R into E. coli, while PS microplastics exerted no influence. The detailed mechanisms were found that nanoplastics induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction, activated SOS response, increased cell membrane permeability and changed the secretion systems, thereby facilitating the uptake of exogenous DNA by bacteria. Moreover, the co-presences of nanoplastics with humic acid or Fe³⁺ relieved to some extent, but did not completely alleviate the promoting effect of nanoplastics on plasmid transformation. Our findings suggest that the risk of nanoplastics on promoting the dissemination of antibiotic resistance should not be neglected, and further studies are needed to investigate such risk in complex environments.