Airborne microplastics: Emerging threats and health implications for humans

Airborne microplastics (MPs) have recently emerged as a pervasive environmental contaminant with growing concern for human health. These particles, derived from the degradation of plastics and synthetic fibers, are now detected in indoor and outdoor air, posing new challenges to environmental and biomedical sciences. This review synthesizes current findings on the sources, atmospheric transport, exposure routes, and toxicological impacts of airborne microplastics on humans. Evidence from recent studies indicates that inhalation and ingestion are the primary exposure pathways, allowing MPs to accumulate in the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. The physicochemical properties of these particles—such as size, morphology, and polymer composition significantly influence their biological interactions and toxicity. Health effects include oxidative stress, inflammation, and potential interference with cellular metabolism, contributing to respiratory, cardiovascular, and neurological disorders. Despite increasing research attention, large-scale epidemiological data and standardized analytical protocols remain limited. Future work should emphasize advanced detection techniques, risk assessment frameworks, and policy measures to mitigate airborne plastic pollution and safeguard public health.