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EI/IOT of PFCs: Environmental impacts/interactions, occurrences, and toxicities of perfluorochemicals
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This review comprehensively examines the environmental impacts, occurrence, transport mechanisms, and toxicity of perfluorochemicals across terrestrial and marine settings, highlighting their persistence and bioaccumulation potential as widespread environmental contaminants.
Various studies have been conducted on the perfluorochemicals (PFCs) family over the years. These compounds have been sought in various industrial aspects involving the synthesis of everyday utilities due to their broad range of applications. As a result, PFCs have built up in the environment, causing concern. The presence of PFCs in various environmental media, such as terrestrial and marine settings, as well as the mechanisms of transport, bioaccumulation, and physio-chemical interactions of PFCs within plants, aquatic organisms, microplastics, and, ultimately, the human body, are discussed in this review, which draws on a variety of research publications. The interaction of PFCs with proteins, translocation, and adsorption by hydrophobic interactions were observed, and this had an impact on the natural functioning of biological processes, resulting in events such as phylogenic clustering, competitive inhibition, and many others, posing potential hazards to human health and other relevant organisms in the ecosystem. However, further research is needed to have a better knowledge of PFCs and their interactions so that low-cost treatments can be developed to eliminate them. It is therefore, future research should focus on the role of soil matrix as a defensive mechanism for PFCs, as well as the impact of PFC chain length rejection.
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This review examines how PFAS, often called "forever chemicals," move through water, soil, plants, and air, with their ultra-strong carbon-fluorine bonds making them nearly indestructible in nature. While focused on PFAS rather than microplastics specifically, the two pollutants often co-occur and share similar concerns about persistence, bioaccumulation, and potential health effects.
Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS
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A comprehensive review documents that PFAS compounds have been detected in virtually every environmental compartment and human matrix, causing reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, metabolic disruption, and immune effects across aquatic organisms, terrestrial animals, and humans. PFAS and microplastics share key exposure pathways and are frequently co-contaminants, as plastic surfaces sorb and transport PFAS into food chains and human bodies.
Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in the Environment: Uptake, Bioaccumulation and Impact on Plants, Animals and Human Health
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A comprehensive review documents that PFAS compounds have been detected in virtually every environmental compartment and human matrix globally, driving reproductive toxicity, endocrine disruption, and metabolic and immune effects across aquatic organisms, terrestrial animals, and humans. PFAS and microplastics frequently co-occur as plastic surfaces adsorb and transport PFAS through food webs and into human tissues, compounding total chemical body burden.
A tale of two emerging contaminants: Interfacial interactions, co-transport behaviors and ecotoxicological implications between per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances and micro(nano)plastics.
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This review examined how PFAS and micro/nanoplastics co-occur in the environment, form interfacial adsorption complexes, and interact synergistically within organisms. The authors found that the two contaminant classes amplify each other's toxicity in co-exposure scenarios and that their shared transport pathways complicate standard risk assessment.
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