The Immune System of Artemia Revealed Multiple Responses to the Stress of Nanoplastics

Physiological Alterations and Immune Modulation in Fish Exposed to Microplastics

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Researchers reviewed the physiological and immunological effects of microplastic exposure in fish, finding that these particles smaller than 5 mm induce a range of biological disruptions including immune modulation, oxidative stress, and systemic health impacts with broader implications for aquatic ecosystem integrity.

Polystyrene nanoparticles affect the innate immune system of the Antarctic sea urchin Sterechinus neumayeri

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Researchers exposed Antarctic sea urchins to polystyrene nanoparticles and found that both positively and negatively charged particles disrupted the animals' immune cells, raising concern that even remote polar ecosystems are vulnerable to the biological effects of plastic nanoparticle pollution.

Simulated Environmental Nanoplastics Induce Zebrafish Developmental Toxicity and Stress Response

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Scientists exposed zebrafish embryos to nanoplastics that were specially broken down to mimic how plastic actually degrades in oceans and rivers, and found they caused more harm than the lab-made plastic beads typically used in research, stunting growth, slowing hatching, and triggering stress hormone spikes even at very low doses. Because these effects showed up at concentrations similar to what's found in real water sources, the findings suggest current safety testing may be underestimating the risks nanoplastics pose to both aquatic life and, potentially, to people who drink that water or eat seafood from it.

Nanoplastic exposure alters oxidative stress, immunity, and digestive function in Pinctada fucata martensii

Cellular and Animal Toxicities of Micro- and Nanoplastics

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Researchers reviewed evidence from cell and animal studies on the toxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics, finding that these particles can cause inflammation, oxidative stress, and organ damage in laboratory models, raising concern about what chronic low-level human exposure might mean for long-term health.