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Ecotoxicity of Micro- and Nano-Sized Plastics
Summary
This book chapter reviews the ecotoxicity of micro- and nanoplastics to aquatic organisms, covering direct toxic effects, combined toxicity with associated chemical pollutants, and trophic transfer and biomagnification through food webs. The authors note that environmental realism remains a key challenge in extrapolating laboratory findings to real-world risk.
The following sections are included: Introduction Toxic Effects of MPs to Aquatic Organisms Combined Effects of MPs and Associated Chemicals on Aquatic Biota Trophic Transfer of Microplastics/Nanoplastics (Biomagnification) Environmental Realism and Complexity of the Issue Conclusions References