Thickness-dependent release of microplastics and phthalic acid esters from polythene and biodegradable residual films in agricultural soils and its related productivity effects

It is crucial to elucidate the release rate of microplastics (MPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in agricultural soil and their effects on crop productivity regarding film types and thicknesses. To address this issue, two-year landfill test was performed using 0.016 mm-thick polyethylene (PEt1) & biodegradable (BIOt1), and 0.01 mm-thin polyethylene (PEt2) & biodegradable (BIOt2) residual films as materials with no landfill as CK. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and infrared analyses revealed that two-year landfill caused considerable changes in physical forms and spectral peaks in BIO film, which was more pronounced in thin BIO (36.90 % weight loss). Yet, less changes were presented in the above analyzes in polyethylene (PE) films, and thick films damaged relatively less. MPs number was 86,829.11 n/kg in BIOt1 and 134,912.27 n/kg in BIOt2, equivalent to 2.55 and 3.72 times higher than in PEt1 and PEt2, respectively. This was closely associated with PAEs release, as soil PAEs concentration was substantially lower in PEt1 (17.60 g/kg) and PEt2 (21.43 g/kg) than in BIOt1 and BIOt2 (37.12 g/kg and 49.20 g/kg), respectively. Furthermore, maize productivity parameters were negatively correlated with the amount of MPs and PAEs. BIOt2 and PEt1 had the lowest and highest grain yield, respectively. BIO exhibited greater environmental risk and adverse effects on soil and crop productivity than PE film due to physical degradation and release of PAEs. Thickness-wise comparison exhibited that thin film residues had more adverse effect relative to thick film ones.