Cobalt-Immobilized Microplastics as a Functional Catalyst for PMS-Based Nitrate Degradation: Optimization Using Response Surface Methodology

Nitrate contamination of water resources poses significant ecological and public health risks. This study developed a cobalt-immobilized microplastic catalyst (Co-MP) capable of activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and facilitating formic-acid-assisted catalytic denitrification of nitrate. Characterization via Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffractometry (XRD) confirmed successful Co deposition, with the surface cobalt content reaching 5.2%. The system's performance was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM), identifying catalyst dosage and Co(II) concentration as the most significant factors. Under the optimized conditions (pH 5.5, reaction time 120 min, catalyst dosage 1.5 g L-1, and Co(II) concentration 60 mg L-1), the system achieved a nitrate removal efficiency of 90.6%, in excellent agreement with the model prediction (90.93%), along with an 86.7% reduction in total nitrogen, confirming stepwise denitrification to gaseous nitrogen species (N2). The Co(II)/Co(III) redox cycle, sustained by PMS-assisted regeneration and driven by formic acid as the electron donor, ensured stable performance with minimal cobalt leaching (0.05 mg L-1). This coupled oxidative-reductive system offers a sustainable dual-remediation strategy that simultaneously achieves selective nitrate conversion and valorizes microplastic waste for catalytic environmental applications.