P, N, and C-related functional genes in SBR system promoted antibiotics resistance gene transmission under polystyrene microplastics stress

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important sinks of microplastics (MPs) and antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs). Information regarding connections between functional modules of WWTPs and spread of ARGs under MPs stress is still lacking. In this study, correlations between P-, N-, and C-related functional genes and ARGs in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system were evaluated under polystyrene (PS) MPs stress. Total P and chemical oxygen demand (COD) in effluent showed no significant changes under 0.5-50 mg L PS MPs stress within 32 cycle treatment periods of SBR, while 0.5 mg L PS MPs affected the N cycling process. PS MPs (0.5-50 mg L) promoted the richness and diversity of microbial community in SBR, and the denitrification process was exuberant. PS MPs with a low dosage (0.5-5 mg L) enhanced secretion of extracellular polymeric substances and promoted expression levels of functional genes related to C fixation, C degradation, P cycling, and N cycling. Simultaneously, aac(3)-II, bla-1, and tetW increased by 27.13%, 38.36%, and 9.57% under low dosages of PS MPs stress; more importantly, the total absolute abundance of intI1 nearly doubled. 78.4% of these P-, N-, and C-related functional genes were positively correlated with intI1, thus favoring transmission of ARGs. This study firstly disclosed the underlying correlations between functional modules of WWTPs and spread of ARGs under MPs stress.