Preparation of fungal biocomposite for environment friendly packaging of plant saplings

Plastic packaging poses significant environmental and health risks due to its non-degradability and its accumulation as microplastics in soil, plants, and food chains. Fungal biocomposites derived from lignocellulosic biomass offer a sustainable alternative for biodegradable packaging. This study evaluated mycelium biocomposites formed by growing Pleurotus ostreatus and Ganoderma lucidum on sawdust, corn cob, and wheat straw. Biocomposites were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), SEM-EDX, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Water absorption, compressive strength, and biodegradability were assessed to evaluate composite performance. Ganoderma lucidum biocomposites demonstrated superior thermal stability and mechanical integrity due to dense, interwoven hyphal networks, lower porosity, and higher chitin and glucan content, resulting in slower biodegradation and enhanced durability. Conversely, Pleurotus ostreatus biocomposites exhibited higher water absorption (up to 65%) and porous, fibrous structures, making them more suitable for flexible, aerated applications requiring faster biodegradability. Both fungi efficiently converted agro-waste into functional composites. The results demonstrate that fungal biocomposites can effectively replace conventional plastic packaging while providing dual benefits: reducing plastic-related microplastic contamination and waste reuse. Additionally, these biocomposites serve as biofertilizers, potentially enhancing plant growth and yield. This work presents an innovative, environmentally friendly solution for sustainable sapling packaging that addresses the critical need to reduce plastic consumption and associated environmental risks.