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Joint toxicity of Cadmium (II) and microplastic leachates on wheat seed germination and seedling growth
Summary
This study tested how chemical leachates from PVC and LDPE microplastics interact with cadmium contamination to affect wheat crops. While certain combinations mildly boosted seed germination, the combination of cadmium and PVC leachates increased oxidative stress in seedlings, suggesting that microplastics in contaminated farm soils could make heavy metal toxicity worse for food crops. PVC leachate was more harmful than LDPE, underscoring that plastic type matters when assessing agricultural risk.
Abstract Cadmium (Cd) and microplastics are widely distributed in soil and pose potential threats to agricultural production and human health. However, the joint toxicity of Cd and microplastics on crop growth remain largely unknown. In this study, the toxic effects of Cd2+ solution and two kinds of microplastic leachates, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE), on wheat seeds germination and seedlings’ growth were explored under the single and combined conditions. The results showed that Cd2+ solution and two kinds of microplastic leachates stimulated wheat seeds germination process but inhibited the germination rate by 0–8.6%. The combined treatments promoted wheat seeds germination but inhibited the growth of wheat seedlings on different degree. In especial, the combination of 2.0 mg L-1 Cd2+ and 1.0 mgC L-1 PVC could promote both wheat seeds germination and seedlings’ growth, but they synergistically increased the antioxidant enzyme activity of seedlings. The physiological and biochemical indicators showed that the possible mechanism through which Cd2+ and microplastics leachates and their combination affected wheat seedlings involved oxidative stress. The toxicity of the PVC leachate to wheat seedlings was stronger than LDPE leachate. The addition of Cd2+ could alleviate the toxicity of PVC leachate on wheat seedlings, and reduce the toxicity of LDPE leachate on wheat seedlings under the same concentration class combinations but aggravated stress under different concentration class combinations, consistent with the effect on wheat seedlings’ growth. Overall, our study has important implications for the joint toxicity of Cd2+ solution and microplastic leachates in agriculture.