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ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS OF THE WORLD OCEAN TO MARINE MAMMALS
Original title: ЕКОЛОГІЧНІ РИЗИКИ СВІТОВОГО ОКЕАНУ ДЛЯ МОРСЬКИХ ССАВЦІВ
Summary
This Ukrainian-language review examines multiple anthropogenic threats to marine mammals in the Black Sea and World Ocean, including microplastics found in marine mammal tissues at concentrations of 1 to 88 particles per animal, alongside heavy metal accumulation and biocide pollution. The study highlights how microplastics enter marine mammal bodies through the food chain and how enclosed basins like the Black Sea intensify contamination.
The article analyzes the influence of anthropogenic pollutants on hydrobionts. It is defined that it’s possible to accumulate in their own toxic elements, to bring them to functional disruption in the processes of life. Significant accent is drawn on the difficulty of active toxicants of the Black Sea, as one of the indoor water basins in the World Ocean.According to the analysis, it was found that marine ink biocides adversely affect the coastal ecosystem, in particular non-target organisms, of the test substances, the most toxic is TBT, less toxic are diuron, zinc pyrethione and igarorol. Considerable damage is caused by the microplastics that enter the organisms by the seafood through the food chain, when consuming whole prey. Depending on the region of the oceans, mammals contained from 1 to 88 particles. Most of the established polymeric contaminants are synthetic materials, elastomers: polyethylene (PE), ethylene-propylene rubber, polyester, polyacrylamide, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer rubber (EPDM rubber), hydrogenated butadiene-nitrile rubber, nitrile rubber kevlar), regenerated cellulose fibers (SRCF). The accumulation of heavy metals in the coastal areas of the Black Sea, as an enclosed basin of the oceans, at concentrations higher than the limit values – copper, cadmium, and lead – is noted. Researches have shown that hazardous, excessive bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the aquatic environment and the potential threat to the life of aquatic organisms and consumers of seafood.The increasing of marine discharges into river basins contributes to the accumulation of organic compounds, including phosphorus and nitrogen in the coastal zone. Organic substances contribute to the flowering of algae accumulated in the coastal waters of cyanotoxins. Cyanotoxins lead to severe neuropathological diseases in dolphins. Some chlorine-containing compounds found in industrial discharges are cumulative and adversely affect the health of scavengers, such as top-level predators.