Domestic Washing and Drying as the Source of Microplastics from the Textile and Garments

Domestic washing and drying of textiles and garments significantly contribute to microplastic contamination. The mechanical agitation, temperature, duration, detergent types, drying methods, and loading mechanisms involved in the washing process led to the abrasion and shedding of microfibers. These microfibers, often too small to be filtered by wastewater treatment systems, infiltrate water bodies and ecosystems. Tumble drying further exacerbates air microplastic pollution. Various factors, including fiber type, yarn structure, fabric construction, garment age, and laundering conditions, influence fiber release. Frequent washing accelerates fabric deterioration, increasing microfiber shedding over time. The fast fashion trend and poor-quality apparel intensify the issue. Mitigation measures, such as laundry filters, specialized washing bags, and advances in fiber and fabric design, are crucial. This chapter aims to explore the impact of different washing and drying parameters on microfiber generation and highlights the need for technological innovations and changes in consumer behavior to address this growing source of environmental microplastics.