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Microfiber emissions through domestic laundry; an estimation of microfiber release and their fate in a medium-sized city

International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2024 1 citation ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count.
G. Vragkalis, Odysseas Piperagkas, H. Mela, Hera Karayanni

Summary

Measuring microfiber emissions from household laundry in Greek homes, researchers found over 63,000 fibers released per wash cycle, estimating that a city of 100,000 residents emits more than 359 billion microfibers annually — with roughly 5.2 kg reaching aquatic environments even with 99.9% wastewater treatment retention. This scale of domestic laundry emissions underscores the need for upstream textile innovations and in-machine filtration to meaningfully reduce microfiber pollution at its source.

Study Type Environmental

Microfibers (MF) are described as ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They usually emanate from textiles and domestic laundry is a major source of MF in the environment. This study aims to investigate MF emissions through domestic laundry in a hypothesized town in real-life conditions. For this, MF samples were collected from the effluent of the washing cycles in two households, and an anonymous questionnaire was released (> 500 responses) to determine the washing habits of Greek households. More than 6.3 ± 1.9 × 104 MF were released during each wash cycle and could occasionally exceed 90 × 104 MF. All samples contained synthetic fibers whose relative abundance ranged between 1.7 and 66%. Statistically significant changes in total and synthetic MF were found between seasons attributed to changes in textiles used. Considering the minimum observed MF emissions, it was estimated that in a city of 100,000 inhabitants, annual emissions of microfibers were > 359 × 109 or 1.2 t. If all households were connected to a sewage network and a wastewater treatment plant with a 99.9% microplastic retention rate, approximately 5.2 kg of microfibers would enter the aquatic environment annually in a medium-sized city. These results underscore human intervention in the environment and emphasize the necessity for more research into methods for reducing the release of microfibers into the environment.

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