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Microplastics in green mussels (Perna viridis) from Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, and the associated hazards to human health posed by their consumption
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Researchers found microplastics in all 120 green mussels sampled from Jakarta Bay, identifying 12 polymer types, and estimated that Indonesian shellfish consumers may ingest up to 775,000 microplastic particles annually depending on consumption levels.
The Jakarta Bay is the estuary for thirteen rivers that flow through densely populated and industrialized upstream regions. This condition has the potential to pollute the Jakarta Bay with microplastics that are transported from the upstream river. Meanwhile, people, particularly fishermen, continue to use Jakarta Bay for fishing and aquaculture. This study examined microplastics (MP) abundance in the whole tissues of green mussels (Perna viridis) grown in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, and their health risks. MP was identified in all 120 green mussels, with fiber > film > fragment being the most common kinds. The abundance of fiber was 19 items/g of tissue, whereas the abundances of fragments and film were 14.5 items/g and 15 item/g, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests on MP from the tissues of green mussels showed that there were 12 different types of MP polymers. The estimated amount of MP that humans consume each year varied from 29,120 MP items/year to 218,400 MP items/year for different age groups. Based on the total mean number of MP found in the tissues of green mussels and the amount of shellfish consumed per person in Indonesia, it was estimated that people ate 775,180 MP through shellfish each year.
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Characterization of microplastics and associated metals in green mussel cultivation: Estimation of potential health risks
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Researchers examined 120 green mussels from Jakarta and found microplastics in every single sample, with an average of 18 particles per mussel along with aluminum and lead contamination on particle surfaces. The study identified 15 different polymer types, some classified at hazard levels considered dangerous to human health. Based on consumption patterns, the estimated annual human intake of microplastics from these mussels ranged from about 10,000 to 76,000 particles across different age groups.
Abundance of microplastic in green mussel Perna viridis, water, and sediment in Kamal Muara, Jakarta Bay
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Researchers measured microplastic abundance in green mussels, seawater, and sediments from a harbor in Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, finding microplastics in all three matrices. The correlation between microplastics in mussels and the surrounding environment confirms that these edible shellfish accumulate plastic from their habitat.
Microplastic contamination in green mussels (Perna viridis Linnaeus, 1858) from traditional seafood markets in Jakarta, Indonesia, and an evaluation of potential hazards
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Researchers examined green mussels sold at traditional seafood markets in Jakarta, Indonesia, and found microplastic contamination in every sample tested. The most common types were black fibers made of polymers like rayon and polyethylene, with chemical analysis revealing potentially harmful additives. Since mussels are filter feeders that concentrate particles from seawater, eating contaminated shellfish is a direct route for microplastic exposure in humans.
Microplastic contamination in green mussels (Perna viridis Linnaeus, 1758) collected from the traditional fish markets along the East Java coast of Indonesia and the associated risk assessment
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Researchers analyzed green mussels from five traditional fish markets along the East Java coast of Indonesia and found microplastic contamination in all samples, primarily in the form of fibers and fragments smaller than 500 micrometers. The polymer hazard index ranged from high to very high across all market locations, and various harmful chemicals associated with plastic production were detected in the mussel tissues. The findings raise health concerns for communities that regularly consume these mussels as a dietary staple.
Contaminants and Human Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Microplastic Ingestion of Green Mussels (Perna viridis) Collected from The Kedonganan Fish Market, Bali
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Researchers analyzed green mussels sold at a fish market in Bali, Indonesia, and found microplastics in the form of lines, fragments, filaments, and films across all samples. Black-colored particles were the most prevalent, and estimated annual microplastic intake through mussel consumption in Indonesia reached nearly 500,000 particles per person. The findings raise concerns about dietary exposure to microplastics through commonly consumed seafood in the region.
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