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Microplastic contamination in green mussels (Perna viridis Linnaeus, 1858) from traditional seafood markets in Jakarta, Indonesia, and an evaluation of potential hazards
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Researchers examined green mussels sold at traditional seafood markets in Jakarta, Indonesia, and found microplastic contamination in every sample tested. The most common types were black fibers made of polymers like rayon and polyethylene, with chemical analysis revealing potentially harmful additives. Since mussels are filter feeders that concentrate particles from seawater, eating contaminated shellfish is a direct route for microplastic exposure in humans.
Marine organisms, especially mussels, can efficiently take up microplastics (MPs) through their filtration processes. This study evaluated the characteristics of MPs in green mussels (Perna viridis) sold at traditional seafood markets in Jakarta, Indonesia. The polymers of MPs were examined using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, while the chemical components of MPs in green mussels were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. The MPs identified in green mussels sold at traditional seafood markets in Jakarta are predominantly of fiber type, display a black coloration, and measure <100 μm in size. The density of these microplastics in green mussels is uniform across all traditional markets. The concentration of microplastics in green mussels correlates positively with the length of the green mussel shell. The average annual consumption of mussel products by people in Jakarta was 11,170 items/year/person. Green mussels from Jakarta exhibited a significantly elevated polymer hazard index (III), indicating the presence of polymers categorized as high risk. Certain plasticizers (phthalates) and specific additive chemicals (phenol, butylated hydroxytoluene, and hexadecanamide) were also present in green mussels sourced from traditional markets in Jakarta. These substances are toxic and have a negative impact on both aquatic life and humans.
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Microplastic contamination in green mussels (Perna viridis Linnaeus, 1758) collected from the traditional fish markets along the East Java coast of Indonesia and the associated risk assessment
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Researchers analyzed green mussels from five traditional fish markets along the East Java coast of Indonesia and found microplastic contamination in all samples, primarily in the form of fibers and fragments smaller than 500 micrometers. The polymer hazard index ranged from high to very high across all market locations, and various harmful chemicals associated with plastic production were detected in the mussel tissues. The findings raise health concerns for communities that regularly consume these mussels as a dietary staple.
Microplastics in green mussels (Perna viridis) from Jakarta Bay, Indonesia, and the associated hazards to human health posed by their consumption
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Researchers found microplastics in all 120 green mussels sampled from Jakarta Bay, identifying 12 polymer types, and estimated that Indonesian shellfish consumers may ingest up to 775,000 microplastic particles annually depending on consumption levels.
Contaminants and Human Health Risks Associated with Exposure to Microplastic Ingestion of Green Mussels (Perna viridis) Collected from The Kedonganan Fish Market, Bali
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Researchers analyzed green mussels sold at a fish market in Bali, Indonesia, and found microplastics in the form of lines, fragments, filaments, and films across all samples. Black-colored particles were the most prevalent, and estimated annual microplastic intake through mussel consumption in Indonesia reached nearly 500,000 particles per person. The findings raise concerns about dietary exposure to microplastics through commonly consumed seafood in the region.
Microplastics Contamination in the Kalirejo Coastal Area, East Java, Indonesia and their Presence in Green Mussels (Perna viridis)
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Researchers surveyed the waters and green mussels along the Kalirejo coast in East Java, Indonesia, and found microplastics in all samples, with higher concentrations at shallower depths. Polyethylene fragments were the most common type, and there was a strong correlation between microplastic levels in the water and in mussel tissues, indicating the animals absorb plastics directly from their environment. The findings raise concerns about both ecological impacts and potential health risks from consuming contaminated shellfish in this major mussel farming region.
Characterization of microplastics and associated metals in green mussel cultivation: Estimation of potential health risks
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Researchers examined 120 green mussels from Jakarta and found microplastics in every single sample, with an average of 18 particles per mussel along with aluminum and lead contamination on particle surfaces. The study identified 15 different polymer types, some classified at hazard levels considered dangerous to human health. Based on consumption patterns, the estimated annual human intake of microplastics from these mussels ranged from about 10,000 to 76,000 particles across different age groups.
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