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Species-Specific Foliar Absorption and Translocation of Nanoplastics in Leafy Vegetables Revealed through Isotopic, Physiological, and Transcriptomic Analyses

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Xiaofeng Jiang, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Wenbo Guo, Wenbo Guo, Xing Li, Xing Li, Xing Li, Hao Qiu, Xiaofeng Jiang, Xiaofeng Jiang, Erkai He, Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Wenbo Guo, Hao Qiu, Wenbo Guo, Erkai He, Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Erkai He, Erkai He, Erkai He, Erkai He, Erkai He, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Erkai He, Erkai He, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Wenbo Guo, Erkai He, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Xiaofeng Jiang, Hao Qiu, Erkai He, Erkai He, Xing Li, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Erkai He, Erkai He, Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Wenbo Guo, Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Erkai He, Erkai He, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Erkai He, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Erkai He, Erkai He, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Xing Li, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Erkai He, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Xing Li, Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Wenbo Guo, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Hao Qiu, Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg Willie J.G.M. Peijnenburg

Summary

Researchers used deuterium-labeled polystyrene nanoplastics to track foliar uptake in three leafy vegetables, finding cherry radish accumulated the highest leaf concentrations (5.1-216.3 µg/g dry weight), with translocation pathways differing by species — roots in cherry radish and lettuce, stems in water spinach — linked to differences in leaf architecture, plant physiology, and stomatal regulation gene expression.

Polymers

Body Systems

Cardiovascular

Understanding the foliar absorption and translocation of atmospherically deposited nanoplastics (NPs) in crops is critical for food safety, yet species-specific mechanisms remain inadequately understood, hindering accurate risk assessment for edible crops. In this study, the isotopic tracing (<sup>2</sup>H-labeled polystyrene NPs) was employed to systematically compare NPs uptake in three leafy vegetables: cherry radish, water spinach, and lettuce. Stable isotope analysis revealed species dependent accumulation under foliar spraying of NPs, with the highest levels observed in leaves of cherry radish (5.1 to 216.3 μg/g dw), followed by water spinach and lettuce. NPs were translocated to roots of cherry radish and lettuce but restricted to stems of water spinach. Scanning electron microscopy visualized NPs in stomatal cavities and roots of cherry radish and lettuce, as well as in the nodes of water spinach. Mechanistic studies linked these differences to three factors: leaf structure and vascular architecture affected NP absorption and transport; plant physiological traits regulated NP content in leaves; and transcriptomic data indicated that gene expression related to the abscisic acid-ROS-Ca<sup>2+</sup> mediates stomatal closure pathway. Our findings elucidate how NPs are absorbed and translocated across plant species and highlight species-specific responses to atmospheric NP pollution and associated risks.

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