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Article ? AI-assigned paper type based on the abstract. Classification may not be perfect — flag errors using the feedback button. Tier 2 ? Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence. Marine & Wildlife Sign in to save

Microplastics and leachate materials from pharmaceutical bottle: An in vivo study in Donax faba (Marine Clam)

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 2023 13 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count. Score: 50 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.
Zachariah Sunil, Zachariah Sunil, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Zachariah Sunil, Zachariah Sunil, John Thomas, John Thomas, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran John Thomas, John Thomas, Natarajan Chandrasekaran John Thomas, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, John Thomas, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran Natarajan Chandrasekaran John Thomas, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Amitava Mukherjee, Natarajan Chandrasekaran

Summary

Researchers found that leachate from polyethylene pharmaceutical bottles contained heavy metals above drinking water standards and caused significant oxidative stress in marine clams, suggesting these containers could also leach harmful additives into stored medications.

Polymers
PE PET
Study Type In vivo

Most pharmaceuticals are stored in synthetic polymer bottles, manufactured using polyethylene as the base material. The toxicological impact of pharmaceutical container leachate was studied on Donax faba. Several organics and inorganics were identified from the leachate. The concentrations of heavy metals in the leachate was higher than standard reference value for drinking water. In the leachate treatment the protein concentration increased to 8.5% more than the control. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level elevated by 3 folds and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased by 4.3% in comparison to the control. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) showed a decrease by 14% and 70.5% respectively. The leachate affected the antioxidant machinery of D. faba. Similarly, these PET (polyethylene terephthalate) pharmaceutical containers could potentially leach additives into the drugs and may cause oxidative and metabolic damages to higher organisms including human beings.

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