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The synergetic effects of 4-nonylphenol and polyethylene microplastics in Cyprinus carpio juveniles using blood biomarkers
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Researchers found that polyethylene microplastics and the endocrine disruptor 4-nonylphenol produce synergistic toxic effects in juvenile carp, with combined exposure causing greater disruption to blood biomarkers than either contaminant alone.
Microplastics are widely distributed in aquatic ecosystems along with other chemical pollutants. Therefore, it is vital to study the health-hazardous effects of MPs in combination with 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), which is a highly abundant industrial waste and a critical alkylphenol endocrine disruptor. We investigated the effects of the exposure to polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs), 4-NP, and their combination on blood biomarkers in Cyprinus carpio juveniles. Four study groups were treated for 15 consecutive days: (1) control group, (2) 10 mg/L PE-MP group, (3) 10 mg/L PE-MPs + 200 µg/L 4-NP group, and (4) 200 µg/L 4-NP group, followed by 15 days of recovery. Biochemical analyses showed that creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, glucose, liver enzymes, total protein, and A/G ratios were significantly increased after exposure to PE-MPs, 4-NP, and the combination. Hematological parameters (RBC's, Hb, Ht, neutrophil percentage, and WBC's) were significantly decreased in the three exposure groups, whereas mean corpuscular volume and lymphocyte percentages were significantly increased. The 15-day recovery period improved most hematobiochemical parameters and PE-MP accumulation indices. Taken together, we demonstrated the hazardous effects of PE-MP and 4-NP combinations on C. carpio blood parameters and highlighted their potential risk to human health.
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Researchers found that polyethylene microplastics increased tissue damage caused by the endocrine disruptor 4-nonylphenol in juvenile common carp, with combined exposure producing more severe histopathological changes in gills, liver, and kidneys than individual exposures.
Combined toxic effects of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MPs) and 4-nonylphenol on the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juvenile: multi-biomarker approach
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Young carp exposed to microplastics, a chemical called 4-nonylphenol, or both together showed harmful effects: lower antioxidant activity, nerve function changes, inflammation, DNA damage and cell death. Combining both substances mostly produced effects close to additive, not dramatically worse, though some effects remained even after two weeks without exposure.
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Researchers found that combined exposure to polystyrene microplastics and cadmium in juvenile grass carp caused greater physiological stress than either pollutant alone, with microplastics enhancing cadmium accumulation and intensifying oxidative stress and immune responses.
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