Microplastic Contamination in Refillable and Packaged Drinking Water: Sources, Types, and Health Impacts

Microplastics are plastic particles smaller than 5 millimeters that have been found widely dispersed in various environments, including in bottled drinking water and refillable drinking water. The presence of microplastics in drinking water is very important because water is a basic human need and a major pathway for microplastics to enter the body, which may pose health risks. Using the literature review study method, through Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and following the guidelines established by PRISMA. As a result, microplastics are found in drinking water due to packaging and processing factors influenced by packaging, distribution, and inadequate processing standards. These particles vary in shape, color, size, and types of polymers such as PET, PE, and PP. Their main sources come from plastic degradation, abrasion of gallon containers, and poor washing and storage processes. The presence of accumulated microplastics in the human body has the potential to cause health issues such as inflammation, oxidative stress, as well as metabolic and digestive disorders. Microplastics have been found in bottled and packaged drinking water, with varying shapes and sizes. This contamination comes from plastic packaging, distribution processes, and depot equipment that do not meet standards. The presence of microplastics can pose health risks.