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Artificial Humic Substances as Biomimetics of Natural Ana-Logues: Production, Characteristics and Preferences in Their Use

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Olga Senko, Елена Ефременко Елена Ефременко Елена Ефременко Елена Ефременко Olga Senko, Olga Senko, Елена Ефременко Елена Ефременко Елена Ефременко Ilya Lyagin, Ilya Lyagin, Olga Senko, Olga Maslova, Ilya Lyagin, Nikolay Stepanov, Nikolay Stepanov, Olga Senko, Nikolay Stepanov, Nikolay Stepanov, Nikolay Stepanov, Nikolay Stepanov, Aysel Aslanli, Aysel Aslanli, Olga Maslova, Olga Maslova, Olga Senko, Olga Senko, Olga Senko, Olga Senko, Nikolay Stepanov, Olga Maslova, Nikolay Stepanov, Nikolay Stepanov, Aysel Aslanli, Olga Maslova, Olga Senko, Olga Maslova, Olga Senko, Aysel Aslanli, Aysel Aslanli, Елена Ефременко Nikolay Stepanov, Ilya Lyagin, Ilya Lyagin, Ilya Lyagin, Aysel Aslanli, Nikolay Stepanov, Елена Ефременко Aysel Aslanli, Olga Senko, Olga Maslova, Ilya Lyagin, Olga Maslova, Olga Maslova, Olga Senko, Olga Maslova, Olga Maslova, Aysel Aslanli, Nikolay Stepanov, Olga Senko, Елена Ефременко Ilya Lyagin, Ilya Lyagin, Aysel Aslanli, Aysel Aslanli, Ilya Lyagin, Olga Maslova, Olga Maslova, Nikolay Stepanov, Елена Ефременко Ilya Lyagin, Елена Ефременко Aysel Aslanli, Aysel Aslanli, Елена Ефременко Елена Ефременко

Summary

Researchers examined the production and characteristics of artificial humic substances (HS) synthesised as biomimetics of natural analogues, exploring humification as a strategy to reduce animal waste in agriculture. The study characterised the chemical properties of artificially produced HS and evaluated their performance relative to naturally derived humic compounds for agricultural and environmental applications.

Humification is a promising strategy to reduce the amount of animal waste generated in agriculture. This makes it possible to accumulate products with artificially obtained humic substances (HS) as analogues of natural HS, usually extracted from fossil sources (coal, peat). The review examines the main characteristics of various biological and physical-chemical methods (composting, anaerobic digestion, pyrolysis, hydrothermal carbonation, acid or alkaline hydrolysis, subcritical water ex-traction) used to form HS in animal waste humification products. A comparative analysis of the humification rates and yields of HS in these processes, the characteristics of artificial HS in products (humification index, polymerization index, degree of aromaticity, etc.) is carried out in connection with the use of certain methods of humification and types of animal waste. The main factors (ad-ditives, process conditions, waste pretreatment, etc.) that can increase the efficiency of humification and the properties of HS resources artificially obtained by various methods are highlighted. A generalizing analysis of the content of chemical elements in artificial HS obtained from various animal husbandry wastes in comparison with natural HS was carried out. Based on the results of the chemical composition analysis, the main trends and preferences regarding the most useful ap-plications of humification products as complex biomimetics are discussed.

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