Toxicological Studies of Fish and Fish Cells in Vitro and in Vivo

With the rapid development of industrialization, urbanization, and agriculture, various pollutants pose significant threats to fish health and may harm human health through the food chain. This study comprehensively explores advancements in in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies of fish and fish cells, revealing the mechanisms by which various pollutants impact the immune system, nervous system, and overall physiological functions of fish. In vitro models, such as the rainbow trout cell lines (RTgill-W1 and RTgutGC), demonstrate high efficiency in predicting toxicity, while whole fish experiments provide a realistic ecological context for assessing the comprehensive effects of pollutants. The review focuses on the synergistic toxicity of emerging contaminants and their potential for bioaccumulation, emphasizing future directions based on omics technologies and high-throughput methods to optimize toxicological research approaches and enhance pollution monitoring capabilities.