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Long-term localization experiments reveal aging degradation mechanisms of biobased and petroleum-based polyurethanes in natural environments: degradation characteristics, product assessment and degradation cycle prediction

Environmental Pollution 2025
Hongyu Tian, Hongyu Tian, Qi Chen, Qi Chen, Zhiguang Liu, Min Zhang, Min Zhang, Soroush Abolfathi, Andrew J. Tanentzap

Summary

Researchers conducted a 807-day field localisation experiment to study the degradation mechanisms of biobased and petroleum-based polyurethanes used as polymer coatings on controlled-release fertilisers in natural soil environments. The study characterised the degradation products, assessed environmental risk, and developed a predictive model for the degradation cycle, finding that both polyurethane types fragment into microplastic residues at different rates.

Polymers
Body Systems

The widespread use of polymer-coated controlled release fertilizers has raised concerns, as it may become a new source of microplastic pollution in the environment. However, there is limited knowledge on the transport and fate of different types of polyurethane in soil. We conducted a 807-day field experiment to compare the degradation characteristics of conventional polyester polyurethane (PPU) coatings with novel, biobased coatings from liquefied starch-based polyurethane (SPU) and castor oil polyurethane (CPU). The biobased coating SPU degraded 2.2 times faster than the petroleum-based PPU. After degradation, biobased coatings exhibited a more porous microstructure, higher concentrations of oxygen and dissolved organic matter, more oxygen-containing functional groups, and higher degrees of fragmentation, consistent with greater aging. It is estimated that the starch-based polyurethane coating would take approximately 75 years to degrade by 90 % in deeply buried soil, which is significantly faster than its petroleum-based counterpart (163 years), highlighting the importance of shifting toward biobased products that degrade more quickly. Biobased coatings also produced fewer toxic byproducts in soil than petroleum-based PPU products. These results clarify the degradation processes of polyurethane coatings and improve our understanding of the fate of polyurethane microplastics in soils.

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