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Implikasi Pencemaran Mikroplastik Terhadap Kesehatan Lingkungan Pada Ekosistem Sungai: Literature Review
Summary
This Indonesian-language literature review examined the implications of microplastic pollution for environmental health in river ecosystems, drawing on global studies. The review found that microplastics disrupt aquatic food chains and pose risks to organisms and downstream human communities that depend on river water for drinking and agriculture.
Sampah plastik adalah salah satu ancaman nyata bagi kesehatan lingkungan. Jumlah produksi sampah plastik pada tahun 2019 mencapai 353 juta ton, kemudian terjadi peningkatan sebesar 367 juta ton pada tahun 2020 (Geneva Environment Network, 2023). Proses degradasi sampah plastik akan terfragmentasi menjadi mikroplastik. Polutan mikroplastik dapat mengganggu struktur rantai makanan akuatik dengan masuk ke dalam tubuh organisme pada tingkat trofik rendah, seperti zooplankton dan fitoplankton. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk menganalisis implikasi pencemaran mikroplastik terhadap kesehatan lingkungan pada ekosistem sungai. Penelitian ini merupakan studi literatur yang disusun melalui penelusuran artikel ilmiah pada basis data ScienceDirect, Scopus, dan Google Scholar. Pencarian literatur menggunakan kata kunci “microplastic”, “river ecosystem”, “environmental health”, “water pollution”, dan “health effect”. Literatur yang digunakan harus membahas mengenai kontaminasi mikroplastik pada ekosistem sungai, dapat diakses dalam pdf lengkap, serta diterbitkan antara 2021-2025. Artikel yang ditelaah sebanyak 10 artikel. Hasil telaah artikel menunjukkan bahwa cemaran mikroplastik bentuk fragmen dan fiber cukup mendominasi. Kemudian mayoritas jenis polimer yang terdeteksi yaitu polypropylene (PP) dan polyethylene (PE). Temuan berbagai jenis polimer terindikasi berpotensi menimbulkan efek toksik bagi biota air serta menimbulkan gangguan kesehatan pada manusia. Paparan mikroplastik menyebabkan gangguan fisiologis, bioakumulasi, serta biomagnifikasi yang berpotensi mencapai manusia melalui rantai makanan. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan pengelolaan limbah plastik dan pemantauan kualitas air sungai untuk mencegah risiko kesehatan lingkungan dan manusia.
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