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Analysis of the Efficiency of Drinking Water Treatment Systems in the Removal of Microplastics
Summary
Researchers analysed the efficiency of drinking water treatment systems in removing microplastics — primarily PET, PP, PS, and PVC fibres and fragments — from source water, reviewing how physical, chemical, and biological treatment stages contribute to reduction. The review also evaluates associated health risks including inflammation, oxidative stress, endocrine disruption, and genetic damage linked to microplastic exposure via drinking water.
La contaminación por microplásticos (MPs) es un problema emergente que afecta tanto al agua cruda como al agua potable, que es un recurso vital para muchas actividades domésticas. Los MPs son pequeñas partículas de plástico que se originan por diversas actividades y que se detectan en diferentes fuentes de agua potable, como el PET, PP, PS y el PVC, en formas de fibras y fragmentos, principalmente. Estos MPs pueden alterar la calidad del agua y causar problemas de salud, como inflamación, estrés oxidativo, daño celular y genético, alteración endocrina y toxicidad sistémica. Los sistemas de tratamiento de agua potable, que consisten en una serie de procesos físicos, químicos y biológicos, pueden reducir la concentración de MPs, pero no pueden eliminarlos por completo. La eficiencia de remoción de MPs depende de factores como el tamaño, la forma, la densidad, el tipo de polímero y la tecnología de tratamiento empleada. Según la revisión bibliográfica realizada, el sistema de tratamiento más eficiente es el que combina pre-ozonización, coagulación-floculación, sedimentación, filtración de arena, ozonización, filtración GAC, UV y cloración, que logra una remoción de MPs superior al 99%. Sin embargo, se necesita más investigación para evaluar la exposición y el riesgo de los MPs, así como para mejorar los procesos de remoción, estandarizar los métodos de análisis y prevenir la contaminación por MPs en el origen.
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