The effects of environmental changes on the endocrine regulation of feeding in fishes

Fishes are exposed to natural and anthropogenic changes in their environment, which can have major effects on their behaviour and their physiology, including feeding behaviour, food intake and digestive processes. These alterations are owing to the direct action of environmental physico-chemical parameters (i.e. temperature, pH, turbidity) on feeding physiology but can also be a consequence of variations in food availability. Food intake is ultimately regulated by feeding centres of the brain, which receive and process information from endocrine signals from both brain and peripheral tissues such as the gastrointestinal tract. These endocrine signals stimulate or inhibit food intake, and interact with each other to maintain energy homeostasis. Changes in environmental conditions might change feeding habits and rates, thus affecting levels of energy stores, and the expression of endocrine appetite regulators. This review provides an overview of how environmental changes and food availability could affect feeding and these endocrine networks in fishes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Endocrine responses to environmental variation: conceptual approaches and recent developments'.