First Evaluation of Microplastic Pollution in the Surface Waters of the Lake Kovada (Isparta, Türkiye)

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants of global concern due to their persistence, ubiquity, and ecological risks. Although freshwater ecosystems have received increasing attention, data from protected non-urban lakes remain limited. This study provides the first comprehensive assessment of MP pollution in Lake Kovada, a protected freshwater body in the Western Mediterranean Basin of Türkiye. Surface water samples were collected from three stations during the summer and autumn of 2024 using standardized procedures to minimize contamination. MPs were morphologically characterized under a stereomicroscope and chemically identified using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. MP abundance was 442 particles/m², with the highest at the Kovada Canal–Lake junction (K1: 167 particles/m²) and the lowest at K3 (29 particles/m²). Filaments and fragments were the most frequent morphotypes, predominantly black and red in color. Among the identified polymers, polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) exhibited the highest occurrence. Compared to other freshwater systems, MP levels were relatively low, likely due to the lake’s National Park status, rural location, and limited industrial/agricultural activity. However, nearby agriculture, recreation, and the hydrological connection to Lake Eğirdir likely contribute to filament-rich MP inputs via atmospheric fallout and runoff. Seasonal variations in MP abundance and composition indicate combined impacts of human activity and natural processes such as precipitation and temperature shifts. The study highlights the importance of monitoring MP pollution even in relatively undisturbed ecosystems and offers valuable baseline data for environmental protection strategies in the region.