Evaluation of Ovarian Histomorphology and Function Following Clomiphene Citrate and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Administration in Wistar Rats

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), affecting 5-10% of women, is a leading cause of infertility affecting 10-15% of couples globally. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and clomiphene citrate (CC) are often utilized for the treatment of PCOS. Accordingly, this study explored the effects of CC and hCG on ovarian histomorphology and fertility parameters. Twenty adult female rats were divided into four groups as follows: Group A (control) received only feed and water; Group B received 0.7 mg/kg BW of CC twice daily for five days and was mated before sacrifice on day 19 (before litter); Group C received 0.7 mg/kg BW of CC twice daily for five days, followed by mating and allowed to litter before sacrifice; Group D received 0.7 mg/kg body weight (BW) of hCG on day one, followed by 0.7 mg/kg BW of CC twice daily for five days, and were mated before sacrifice on day 7 (before litter). Results showed that Group B rats had higher, more than other groups, Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Estradiol, Testosterone and Prolactin levels when compared to the control. Similarly, rats in Group B had higher levels of Progesterone while Group D had higher levels of Luteinizing hormone (LH) when compared to the control group. Histological findings demonstrated diverse impacts on ovarian structures, ranging from congested blood vessels to haemorrhages and follicular cysts. Consequently, this study underscores the complexities of drug interactions in reproductive health and provides preliminary insights into the possible adverse effects of CC and hCG on the ovary and fertility parameters.