Settling velocity of microplastics in turbulent open-channel flow

The settling behavior of microplastics (MPs) plays a pivotal role in their transport and fate in aquatic environments, but the dominant mechanisms and physics governing the settling of MPs in rivers remain poorly understood. To gain mechanistic insights into the velocity lag of MPs in an open-channel flume under different turbulent flow conditions, an experimental study was conducted using three types of MPs: polystyrene, cellulose acetate, and acrylic, of sphere-shaped particles with diameters ranging from 1 mm to 5 mm. A particle tracking technique was employed to record and analyze the MPs velocity within turbulent flows. The results showed a variation in the vertical settling velocity of MPs ω ranging from -26 % to +16 %, when compared to their counterparts in still water (ω). A new formula for the drag coefficient (C) of MP particles was developed by introducing the suspension number (u/ω). The developed C formula was used to calculate the resultant velocity lag V, with a mean relative error of 16 % compared with the measured values. Further, the study highlighted that the MPs with large Stokes numbers are mainly driven by their own inertia and turbulence has less influence on their settling behavior. This study is crucial for understanding the settling behavior of MPs in turbulent flows and developing their transport and fate models for MPs in riverine systems.