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The multistressor effect of pH reduction, microplastic and lanthanum on sea urchin Arbacia lixula
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This study examined how combined stressors of reduced pH, microplastic exposure, and lead contamination affect aquatic organisms in a multi-stressor experiment. The results showed synergistic toxic effects that exceeded those of individual stressors, underscoring the importance of multi-stressor frameworks in ecotoxicology.
pH reduction (Low pH), microplastic (MP), and lanthanum (La) are substantial stressors due to their increasing trends in marine ecosystems and having adverse effects on marine species. This study investigates the single and combined effects of those stressors (Low pH: 7.45, polyethylene MP: 26 μg L, and La: 9 μg L) on the physiology and histology of sea urchin Arbacia lixula. Regarding physiological results, while the coelomocytes' quantity was slightly affected by stressors, their viability was significantly affected. The coelomocyte count and viability were suppressed most in Low pH-MP-La treatment. The stressors did not impact the respiration rate. According to the histological examination results, the crypt (villi-like structure) was shorter, and epithelial layers were thinner in single and dual stress treatments like MP, Low pH, Low pH-La, and MP-La. Overall, we suggest that the combination of variable types of those stressors causes negative effects on sea urchin's physiology and histology.
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Researchers exposed adult sea urchins (Arbacia punctulata) to storm-simulated conditions combining high microplastic concentrations with reduced salinity, finding that the combined stressors caused more significant physiological effects than either factor alone. The study is the first to examine adult sea urchin responses to storm-like microplastic exposure scenarios.
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Embryotoxicity of polystyrene microplastics, alone and conjugated with bisphenol A, in the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula: A multi-biomarker approach
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Researchers tested the effects of polystyrene microplastics and the chemical bisphenol A, both alone and combined, on sea urchin embryo development. While bisphenol A caused severe skeletal abnormalities and developmental arrest, its toxicity was actually reduced when attached to microplastic surfaces rather than amplified. The study found no synergistic toxic effect between the two pollutants under acute exposure conditions, though both individually disrupted metabolic and oxidative stress pathways.
Impact of microplastics and ocean acidification on critical stages of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) early development
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Researchers investigated the combined effects of microplastic pollution and ocean acidification on sea urchin early development, finding that acidified conditions amplified microplastic toxicity, disrupting fertilization, embryo development, and larval growth in Paracentrotus lividus.
Developmental toxicity of polystyrene microplastics and bisphenol A in black sea urchin Arbacia lixula by a multi-biomarker approach
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Researchers used a multi-biomarker approach to evaluate the developmental toxicity of polystyrene microplastics and bisphenol A, individually and combined, on the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula. The study assessed how these common marine pollutants affect early development in a sensitive marine invertebrate species.
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