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Polystyrene nanoplastics at predicted environmental concentrations enhance the toxicity of copper on Caenorhabditis elegans
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Even at low concentrations found in the environment, polystyrene nanoplastics significantly increased copper toxicity in roundworms by boosting oxidative stress and triggering stress-response genes. The nanoplastics alone did not cause obvious harm, but when combined with copper, the damage was much worse than copper alone. This is concerning because in real-world soil and water, nanoplastics and heavy metals often occur together, potentially creating greater health risks than either pollutant individually.
Excessive nanoplastics not only pose a direct threat to the environment but also have the propensity to adsorb and interact with other pollutants, exacerbating their impact. The coexistence of nanoplastics and heavy metals in soils is a prevalent phenomenon. However, limited research existed about the joint effects of the two contaminants on soil organisms. In this paper, we ascertained the combined toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) and copper (Cu2+) on soil organisms (Caenorhabditis elegans) at quantities that were present in the environment, further exploring whether the two toxicants were synergistic or antagonistic. The outcomes manifested that single exposure to low-dose PS-NPs (1 μg/L) would not cause significant damage to nematodes. After treatment with PS-NPs and Cu2+, the locomotion ability of nematode was impaired, accompanied by an elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and a biphasic response in antioxidant enzyme activity. Moreover, combined exposure to PS-NPs and Cu2+ induced the mRNA up-regulation of vit-6, cyp-35a2, hsp-16.2, age-1, and cep-1, both of which were stress-related genes. The comparative analysis between groups (with or without PS-NPs) revealed that the combined exposure group resulted in significantly greater toxic effects on nematodes compared with Cu2+ exposure alone. Furthermore, the addition of PS-NPs influenced the metabolic profiles of Caenorhabditis elegans under Cu2+ stress, with numerous differential metabolites associated with oxidative damage or defense mechanism. Overall, these findings manifested that PS-NPs at the expected environmental concentration elevated Cu2+ toxicity on nematodes.
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Researchers exposed the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to environmentally realistic concentrations of both titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nanopolystyrene simultaneously, finding that nanoplastics enhanced the toxicity of the metal oxide particles, worsening locomotion impairment and gut oxidative stress beyond what either pollutant caused alone.
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