Environmental pollution and One Health: An integrated threat to global health

Environmental pollution has emerged as one of the most pervasive and underestimated threats to global health. Air pollution, contaminated water sources, soil degradation, chemical pollutants and the widespread presence of plastic waste are increasingly disrupting biological systems. Within this context, the One Health framework, which recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal and environmental health, provides a critical lens for understanding and addressing the health consequences of pollution. Pollution does not act in isolation within a single compartment of the biosphere. Chemical contaminants, biological agents and physical pollutants circulate continuously between ecosystems, animals and human populations. Heavy metals accumulate in agricultural soils and enter food chains, pesticides contaminate water resources, and microplastics are now detected in air, water, wildlife and human tissues. These exposures contribute to the rising burden of non-communicable diseases, including cancers, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders, endocrine disruption and reproductive toxicity. At the same time, environmental degradation influences the ecology of infectious diseases by altering host–pathogen interactions. From an animal health perspective, pollution degrades habitats, weakens immune responses and increases susceptibility to disease. Wildlife and domestic animals often serve as early indicators of environmental contamination, highlighting emerging risks before they become apparent in human populations. Moreover, biodiversity loss driven by pollution reduces ecosystem resilience and disrupts natural pathogen regulation, thereby increasing the likelihood of disease emergence and spillover events. Human health impacts are particularly severe among vulnerable populations, including children, pregnant women, the elderly and rural communities with limited access to clean water and sanitation. Environmental pollution exacerbates existing health inequalities and undermines progress toward the Sustainable Development Goals. In low- and middle-income countries, inadequate waste management and weak regulatory frameworks further amplify exposure risks. Addressing pollution-related health threats requires a shift away from fragmented, sector-specific interventions toward integrated strategies aligned with the One Health approach. Strengthening environmental surveillance systems, regulating hazardous pollutants, promoting sustainable agricultural and industrial practices, and enhancing community education are essential components of a coordinated response. Equally important is the role of interdisciplinary research in generating evidence to inform policy and guide preventive action. In conclusion, environmental pollution represents a systemic challenge that directly threatens the health of humans, animals and ecosystems alike. The One Health paradigm underscores a fundamental principle: protecting human health is inseparable from protecting environmental integrity and animal health. Failure to address pollution within this integrated framework risks perpetuating cycles of disease and environmental degradation, whereas embracing One Health offers a pathway toward sustainable and resilient health systems.