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Unravelling the Potential Role of Nanoplastics and Microplastics‐Induced Toxicity in Freshwater Fish: Emerging Role of Programmed Cell Death Mechanisms
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This review examines how micro- and nanoplastics trigger various forms of programmed cell death in freshwater fish, including apoptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, and pyroptosis. The study highlights that exposure to these plastic particles generates oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage, with the resulting cell death mechanisms potentially compromising fish health and raising concerns about contamination reaching humans through seafood consumption.
Microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have emerged as pollutants in aquatic ecosystems, resulting in several detrimental consequences for aquatic animals, particularly fish. Fish is a fundamental and economical food source, abundant in animal protein as well as micronutrients. Exposure of fish to MPs and NPs generates reactive oxygen species and induces oxidative stress, inflammation, and DNA damage, while also altering gut microbiota, thus diminishing fish development and quality. Additionally, the accumulation of MPs and NPs in aquatic habitats may reach the human body through the consumption of polluted fish, potentially leading to significant health consequences. Programmed cell death (PCD) is a genetically controlled process of autonomous and controlled cell death that maintains homeostasis and facilitates development. PCD is crucial in the pathological mechanisms of toxicity generated by MPs and NPs. Although research on PCD in MPs and NPs toxicity is limited, it is crucial to discover key molecules and understand their regulatory roles for better disease prevention and management. This comprehensive review aims to delineate and elaborate on the emerging role of different PCD mechanisms, including pyroptosis, apoptosis, necroptosis, autophagy, ferroptosis, cuproptosis, oxeiptosis, and PANoptosis, in the pathogenesis of toxicity generated by MPs and NPs in freshwater fish.
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Ferroptosis Induced by Micro/Nanoplastics: Mechanisms, Toxic Effects, and Implications for Aquaculture
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This review summarizes existing research on how tiny plastic particles (microplastics and nanoplastics) can trigger a type of cell death called ferroptosis in farmed aquatic animals, damaging organs like the intestine, liver, and gills. It describes the biological mechanisms involved and discusses possible monitoring markers and management approaches for aquaculture settings.
Efectos Celulares De La Exposición a Micropartículas Plásticas En Organismos Acuáticos
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This review examines cellular effects of microplastic and nanoplastic exposure in aquatic organisms, synthesizing laboratory evidence that plastics alone or combined with other toxicants cause membrane lysis, mitochondrial damage, reactive oxygen species generation, genotoxicity, and apoptosis.
Biotransport and toxic effects of micro- and nanoplastics in fish model and their potential risk to humans: A review
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This review examines how micro- and nanoplastics enter fish through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact, causing damage to multiple organ systems including the brain, heart, and reproductive organs. The particles trigger harmful cellular responses such as oxidative stress, DNA damage, and mitochondrial dysfunction. The study emphasizes that these pollutants can also reach humans through the food chain, highlighting the need for strategies to reduce plastic contamination in aquatic environments.
Toxic effects of microplastics on freshwater fish (Channa argus): mechanisms of inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy
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Freshwater snakehead fish exposed to polystyrene microplastics for four weeks developed inflammation, cell death, and tissue damage in their liver, intestines, kidneys, and gills. The damage worsened with higher microplastic concentrations and involved disruption of the fish's antioxidant defenses and immune system. Since snakehead is a commonly consumed fish in Asia, these findings raise questions about whether microplastics in aquaculture environments could affect the safety of fish as human food.
Unveiling the underlying mechanism: Metabolic reprogramming and oxidative stress mediate nanoplastic-induced hepatotoxicity in a freshwater fish (Pseudorasbora parva)
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Scientists studied how tiny plastic particles (nanoplastics) affect fish livers and found that the smallest particles (80 nanometers) caused the most damage by disrupting the body's ability to fight harmful chemicals and process energy. The smallest plastic particles were especially harmful because they damaged the fish's natural defense systems and changed how their cells make energy. While this study was done in fish, it raises concerns about how these tiny plastic particles in our environment might also harm human health.
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