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Look before you leap: Are increased recycling efforts accelerating microplastic pollution?

Journal of Industrial Ecology 2024
Sebastian Kahlert, Catharina R. Bening

Summary

Researchers argue that current policies pushing for more plastic recycling may actually increase microplastic pollution, because degraded recyclate is used in more products and applications where it breaks down more easily. They propose a risk framework for evaluating how recycled plastics shed microplastics throughout their lifecycle — from production to disposal — and flag textiles and wood-plastic composites as high-concern areas.

To fight plastic pollution and reach net-zero ambitions, policy and industry set goals to increase the recycling of plastics and the recycled content in products. While this ideally reduces demand for virgin material, it also increases pressure on recyclers to find suitable endmarkets for the recyclate. This may lead to two effects: a multiplication of recycled content in applications already made of plastic and a substitution of non-plastic materials with cheap, low-quality recyclate. Both areas of application may be sources of microplastic (MP) pollution. Combined with the inherent degradation of recyclate during its lifecycle, but also during recycling, we expect the increase in recycled content will subsequently lead to an increase in MP pollution. We propose a framework to investigate the risk of MP generation through plastic applications throughout their subsequent lifecycle of production, use phase, and end of life. We apply the framework to two prominent examples of recyclate endmarkets, that is, textiles and wood-plastic, and point out where the degradation effects can cause higher release. To conclude, we outline a research agenda to support policymakers in their decision making on specifying targets for recycling and recycled content.

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