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Evaluating the impact of the combined acute toxicity of iron (Fe) and microplastics on Namalycastis jaya
Summary
This study tested the combined effects of iron and polystyrene microplastics on a marine worm species and found that exposure to both pollutants together caused more severe oxidative stress and tissue damage than either alone. The microplastics also increased how much iron accumulated in the worms' bodies, amplifying the toxic effects. The findings highlight how microplastics can worsen the impact of heavy metal pollution in marine organisms.
The rising concern over heavy metals (HMs) and microplastics (MPs) pollution in marine ecosystems, primarily driven by anthropogenic activities, poses significant threats to ecological health. Understanding the combined exposure of HMs and MPs aids in toxicity assessment. In this study, we examined the combined effects of polystyrene microplastics (MPs) and iron (Fe) on oxidative stress, bioaccumulation, histopathology, and genotoxicity in Namalycastis jaya. Oxidative stress was assessed by analyzing the levels of Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD), Malondialdehyde (MDA), and Bicinchoninic acid (BCA), while genotoxicity was evaluated using the comet assay. Bioaccumulation analysis, conducted via Inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), indicated that the highest values (4.790 µg/ml) were observed in combined exposure, emphasizing the significant increase in iron (Fe) accumulation in polychaetes facilitated by MPs. Biochemical analysis revealed that oxidative damage in polychaetes became evident within 48 h of exposure to individual contaminants. However, in the case of combined exposures, elevated stress levels were observed within just 24 h. The genotoxic assay further demonstrated a higher degree of DNA damage in the combined exposure compared to individual exposures. Similarly, histopathology revealed mild alterations in the gut epithelium in combined exposures. It is evident that MPs intensify both oxidative and DNA damage induced by Fe in polychaetes. The insights gained from this study provide valuable information for the risk assessment of Fe and MPs in environmental safety, contributing to our understanding of the complex interactions between these pollutants in marine ecosystems.