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Engineered biocorona on microplastics as a toxicity mitigation strategy in marine environment: Experiments with a marine crustacean Artemia salina
Summary
Researchers investigated whether coating microplastics with biological molecules (a "biocorona") could reduce their toxicity to the marine crustacean Artemia salina. They found that biocorona formation using cell-free extracts from brine shrimp and algae significantly lowered oxidative stress and cell damage caused by both aminated and carboxylated polystyrene microplastics. The study suggests that natural biological coatings in the ocean may help mitigate some of the harmful effects of microplastic pollution on marine organisms.
• NH 2 -MPs are more toxic to Artemia salina compared to COOH-MPs • Biocorona by cell-free extract of A. salina and algae induced agglomeration of MPs • Biocorona formation mitigated the toxicity of MPs in A. salina • Brine shrimp cell-free extract corona was more effective in reducing toxicity The marine environment has become a major sink for microplastics (MPs) wastes. When MPs interact with biological macromolecules, the biocorona forms on their surface, which can alter their biological reactivity and toxicity. In this study, we investigated the impact of biocorona formation on the toxicity of aminated (NH 2 ) and carboxylated (COOH) polystyrene MPs towards the marine crustacean Artemia salina . Biocoronated MPs were prepared using cell-free extracts (CFEs) from microalgae Chlorella sp. (phytoplankton) and the brine shrimp Artemia salina (zooplankton). The results revealed that biocorona formation effectively reduced the toxicity of MPs. Pristine NH 2 -MPs exhibited higher reactive oxygen species production (ROS) (182%) compared to COOH-MPs (162%) in Artemia salina . Notably, NH 2 -MPs coronated with brine shrimp CFE exhibited a substantial reduction in ROS production (127%) than those coronated with algal CFE, with COOH-MPs showing a similar trend (120%). Biocorona formation also significantly decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and antioxidant activity compared to pristine MPs. Molecular docking and dynamics simulations demonstrated a strong binding between polystyrene and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). In vitro studies indicated that pristine NH 2 -MPs exhibited more reduction in AChE activity (84%) compared to COOH-MPs (95%). However, no significant reduction in AChE activity was observed upon exposure to MPs coronated with either algal or brine shrimp cell-free extracts. Independent action modeling indicated an antagonistic interaction for MPs coronated with both the CFEs. Pearson correlation and cluster heatmap analysis suggested that the toxicity reduction in Artemia salina might be driven by decreased oxidative stress followed by the corona formation. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the potential of biomolecules from phytoplankton and zooplankton to reduce MPs toxicity in Artemia salina , while highlighting their role in modulating the toxicity of other marine pollutants.
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