Review on Accumulation and Fragmentation of Anthropogenic Materials On, in and Around Birds

Anthropogenic material is worldwide issue and certainly a crucial threat for avian ecosystem. There are large number of avian species use anthropogenic debris in their nests. Anthropogenic material comprises plastic, foil, masks, cigarette butts, clothes pieces, etc. Fragmentation of plastic and cigarette butts cause lethal effect on physical fitness of birds. Breakdown of plastic into extremely small pieces and converts into micro plastics. Cigarette fragmentation which turns into cigarette litter and that damage the birds sustainability. Entanglement of plastic string in birds morphological structures and lead to difficulties in their existence, sometimes it cause lethal effect to the birds, that is debate in these present study. Mortality in birds by nestling is more to that area where the more anthropogenic debris present. The ingestion of micro plastics is directly effect on physiological functions of birds. Accumulation of micro plastics in birds gastrointestinal (digestive) and respiratory tract may results into deadly effect on birds. Cigarette litter accumulation also lead to consequential result on female birds fertility. The use of plastic debris in nest construction is one of the response of birds to plastic pollution, and the changes in the natural especially terrestrial environment may result in reduced availability of natural nestling material, it forcing individual birds to seek replacements. (Jagiello, Zuzanna, et al.2019)[1]. Urban areas with higher population density produce more plastic waste, as evidenced by city residents generating twice as much waste as their rural areas and it is happen by the extensive use of packaged products and increased food waste. (Wayman, Chloe, et al.2024)[2]. Quantifying the presence of plastic and other anthropogenic materials in the nests of these species over time can also serve as a useful indicator of plastic pollution in the environment and should be closely monitored. Therefore, in an increasing urbanization scenario, it becomes essential to raise public awareness on the potential consequences of the presence of anthropogenic waste in the environment. In addition, we encourage future studies focusing on the causes and consequences of the incorporation of anthropogenic materials in avian nests, with special emphasis on potential adverse consequences of their use. Girao, Joana, et al.(2024)[3]. Anthropogenic activities and human pressure affect on survival of avian species. Using anthropogenic debris by birds in their nest reflects the indicator and marker of global environmental pollution.