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Polystyrene Nanoplastics Elicit Multiple Responses in Immune Cells of the Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826)

Toxics 2024 6 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count. Score: 55 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.

Xiangxiang Li, Xiangxiang Li, Xiangxiang Li, Xiangxiang Li, Yaoyue Wang, Yaoyue Wang, Huijian Shi, Yuntao Qi, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Yaoyue Wang, Yaoyue Wang, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Huijian Shi, Yuntao Qi, Huijian Shi, Xiangxiang Li, Yuntao Qi, Xiaoyang Wang, Shaoyang Hu, Shaoyang Hu, Shaoyang Hu, Shaoyang Hu, Yaoyue Wang, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Yuntao Qi, Yaoyue Wang, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Yuntao Qi, Huijian Shi, Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Xiangxiang Li, Huijian Shi, Huijian Shi, Shaoyang Hu, Xiangxiang Li, Huijian Shi, Shaoyang Hu, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Xiaoyang Wang, Shaoyang Hu, Yuntao Qi, Shaoyang Hu, Yuntao Qi, Xiaoyang Wang, Rutao Liu Xiangxiang Li, Xiangxiang Li, Xiangxiang Li, Xiangxiang Li, Xiangxiang Li, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Xiangxiang Li, Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Shaoyang Hu, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Xiangxiang Li, Yaoyue Wang, Rutao Liu Xiaoyang Wang, Yuntao Qi, Yuntao Qi, Yaoyue Wang, Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Xiangxiang Li, Yaoyue Wang, Xiangxiang Li, Yaoyue Wang, Shaoyang Hu, Yaoyue Wang, Rutao Liu Shaoyang Hu, Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Yaoyue Wang, Rutao Liu Shaoyang Hu, Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Shaoyang Hu, Shaoyang Hu, Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Xiangxiang Li, Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Xiangxiang Li, Yuntao Qi, Xiangxiang Li, Xiangxiang Li, Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Xiangxiang Li, Shaoyang Hu, Shaoyang Hu, Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Shaoyang Hu, Shaoyang Hu, Shaoyang Hu, Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Yuntao Qi, Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Rutao Liu Shaoyang Hu, Rutao Liu

Summary

This study examined how nanoplastics from polystyrene affect the immune cells of earthworms, which play a critical role in soil ecosystems. Researchers found that the tiny plastic particles were taken up by the cells, triggered oxidative stress, weakened antioxidant defenses, destabilized cell membranes, and initiated early-stage cell death. The results provide cellular-level evidence that nanoplastic exposure poses ecological risks to soil-dwelling organisms.

Polymers

Body Systems

Immune

Models

Invertebrate other

The improper disposal of plastic products/wastes can lead to the release of nanoplastics (NPs) into environmental media, especially soil. Nevertheless, their toxicity mechanisms in soil invertebrates remain unclear. This study investigated the impact of polystyrene NPs on Eisenia fetida (Savigny, 1826) immune cells, focusing on oxidative stress, immune responses, apoptosis, and necrosis. Results showed that 100 nm NPs were internalized into the cells, causing cytotoxicity. NPs were observed to inhibit cell viability by increasing reactive oxygen species, decreasing the levels of antioxidants (e.g., superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione), and inducing lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation. Additionally, assays on neutral red retention time, lysozyme activity, and Ca2⁺ levels demonstrated that NPs resulted in a loss of lysosomal membrane stability and a reduction in immune resistance. The depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the results of the apoptosis assays confirmed that the NPs induced the onset of early apoptosis. The difficulty of the NP in causing cell death by disrupting the plasma membrane was demonstrated by the results of the lactate dehydrogenase release assays in relation to cell necrosis. This research provides cellular-level insights into the ecological risks of NP exposure on soil fauna.

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