Immunotoxicity by Microplastics

In today's modern environment, microplastics have become pervasive, infiltrating ecosystems on a global scale.This widespread distribution has raised substantial concerns regarding their potential repercussions on human health.Given their persistence in diverse habitats, it is imperative to comprehend the immunotoxic effects of these minuscule plastic particles, not only for safeguarding human well-being but also for preserving the integrity of ecosystems worldwide.This comprehensive review aims to shed light on the origins of microplastics and their detrimental impact on the immune system.While considerable attention has been devoted to investigating the environmental ramifications of micro and nanoplastics, there exists a notable gap in our understanding of their effects on the human body at the subcellular or molecular levels.Specifically, the intricate pathways through which micro and nanoplastics traverse the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory system, and various layers of the skin to induce harm remain largely uncharted territory.Mounting evidence suggests that microplastics possess the capacity to provoke a range of immune responses, including triggering inflammation, inducing oxidative stress, and disrupting the normal functions of immune cells.Despite the accumulating data linking microplastics to immune system dysfunction, substantial knowledge gaps persist regarding their long-term consequences for human health and ecological equilibrium.This review underscores the critical importance of further exploration into the mechanisms and impacts of microplastic-induced immunotoxicity.Such endeavors are essential for developing effective mitigation strategies aimed at curbing the adverse effects of microplastics on both ecosystems and human health.By deepening our understanding of these processes, we can work towards safeguarding the well-being of present and future generations and preserving the delicate balance of our planet's ecosystems.