The role and significance of graphene oxide in the remediation of micro- and nanoplastics from the environment

Micro- and nanoplastics (M/NPs) are widespread environmental pollutants arising from the increased use of plastics, presenting significant threats to human health and freshwater ecosystems. These particles are derived from both secondary and primary sources, including the breakdown of larger plastic debris and industrial abrasives, and cosmetics. After being released, M/NPs move through the air, water, and soil, where they persist, bioaccumulate, and interact with biological systems, potentially causing toxicity, inflammation, and oxidative stress. This study thoroughly addresses the origins, environmental routes, and health impacts of M/NPs, as well as the most current remediation strategies. Physical, chemical, biological, and hybrid therapeutic techniques are evaluated critically, with adsorption receiving special attention due to its efficiency and simplicity of usage. Graphene oxide (GO), a potential carbon-based adsorbent with a large surface area, several oxygen-containing functional groups, and a remarkable removal capability (up to 617.28 mg g^-1 for polystyrene microplastics), receives special attention. Along with a comparison with other adsorbents, the review discusses GO's structural properties, synthesis procedures (including the Hummers' process), and adsorption mechanisms. This study contributes to the development of cutting-edge, environmentally friendly water treatment technologies by combining new research and emphasising the potential of GO-based materials for effective M/NP remediation in aquatic settings.