Production of polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) biopolymer from crop residue using bacteria as an alternative to plastics: a review

Growing environmental concerns and the pressing need to combat plastic pollution have led to extensive research on sustainable alternatives to traditional plastics. Human blood sample analysis discovered microplastics which has caused health concerns regarding their influence on proper functioning of the human body. The compound polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) has gained popularity due to its comparable structure with synthetic polymers like polypropylene because it belongs to the category of biodegradable alternatives. Different PHA molecules have distinct properties because of their composition of monomers and production parameters. The current market offers an array of biopolymers but they do not satisfy industrial requirements regarding thermostability. The industrial heat-stability of materials comes from green biomass-derived polyethylene and extrudable cellulose biopolymers. The research analyses PHAs' suitability as synthetic plastic substitutes and addresses barriers to their industrial production and proposes modifications to improve performance. It underscores the importance of harnessing crop residue streams to produce valuable biopolymers, promoting resource efficiency and mitigating the environmental impact of plastic waste. This work aligns with the UN's sustainability goals, including SDG 3 good health, SDG 11 sustainable cities, SDG 12 responsible consumption, SDG 13 climate action, and SDG 14 sea and ocean protection.