Comparative Analysis of the Environmental Impact of Biopolymer-Based and Conventional Plastic Packaging in Food Engineering Applications

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the environmental impacts of biopolymer-based packaging versus conventional plastic packaging in food engineering applications. It begins by highlighting the critical role of packaging in food preservation and safety, while addressing the environmental challenges posed by traditional plastic packaging, including pollution, waste accumulation, and the generation of microplastics. The review compares conventional plastics like PET and HDPE with biopolymers such as PLA and PHA, discussing the environmental advantages of biopolymers in terms of carbon footprint reduction, renewable resource utilization, and enhanced biodegradability. A life cycle assessment is employed to evaluate the resource usage, emissions, and waste generation associated with both biopolymers and conventional plastics, exploring their potential to mitigate long-term pollution and promote soil and marine health. Despite the benefits, biopolymers face challenges related to cost, scalability, and performance. However, advancements in synthesis techniques, property enhancements through blends and coatings, and increasing regulatory support highlight the potential of biopolymer-based packaging. The paper concludes by providing implications for industry stakeholders and policymakers, emphasizing the need for continued research to enhance the economic feasibility, functional properties, and biodegradability of biopolymers, ensuring their full potential in sustainable food packaging applications.