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Sex-specific associations between early-life microplastic exposure and children’s physical development: Evidence from a study in China

Environment International 2026
Hualong Zhen, Changmeng Liu, Di Sun, Di Sun, Xinyu Wang, Juan Tong, Juan Tong, Guopeng Gao, Xiaoyan Wu, Xiaoyan Wu, Hong Gan, Hong Gan, Shanshan Du, Shuangqin Yan, Shuangqin Yan, Fangbiao Tao, Fangbiao Tao, Kun Huang

Summary

Researchers studied 1,080 children from a Chinese birth cohort and found that 91% had detectable microplastics in their urine, with PTFE being the most commonly detected type. Certain microplastics were associated with increased risk of overweight or obesity in a sex-specific manner, with different polymers affecting boys and girls differently. The study suggests that early-life microplastic exposure may have measurable associations with children's physical development.

Polymers

Microplastics (MPs) are widely present in the human world. This study aimed to explore the sex - specific associations between early-life MPs exposure and BMI as well as BMI z-scores in children. We enrolled 1,080 children aged 10 years from the Ma'anshan Birth Cohort in China. A Laser Direct Infrared instrument was used to detect the presence of 19 types of MPs in the children's urine. Children's height and weight were measured to calculate BMI and BMI z-scores. Linear regression, logistic regression, restricted cubic spline regression, and Quantile g-computation regression were employed to investigate the associations between the MPs and children's BMI and BMI z-scores. The results demonstrated the overall detection rate of MPs was 91.1%, with PTFE exhibiting the highest rate at 49.9%. Elevated levels of PE, PAM, and small-size MPs in urine were associated with increased risks of overweight/obesity in boys (OR = 1.156, 95% CI: 1.048, 1.274; OR = 1.278, 95% CI: 1.159, 1.409; OR = 1.114, 95% CI: 1.007, 1.233). PA and PE levels were associated with an increased risk of girls' overweight/obesity (OR = 1.150, 95% CI: 1.055, 1.252; OR = 1.226, 95% CI: 1.126, 1.335). PAM and PE exposures were associated with underweight risk in boys and girls, respectively. Moreover, PTFE levels were positively associated with higher BMI z-scores in boys (β = 0.052, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.101). Significant sex-specific associations were observed between exposure to specific MPs and both BMI categories and BMI z-scores in children.

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