The Effects of Negatıve Envıronmental Factors on Publıc Health (Aır, Water, And Soıl Pollutıon)

The relationship between environment and health is being redefined through the One Health approach. Air, water, and soil are the fundamental components of life and represent the most critical determinants of public health. This study examines the effects of negative environmental factors (air, water, and soil pollution) on population health within the framework of the health impact chain and public health perspective. Air pollution is a global health issue responsible for nearly seven million deaths annually, with severe consequences for respiratory, cardiovascular, neurological, and reproductive health. Water pollution increases the risk of both communicable and non-communicable diseases through inequalities in access to safe drinking water, the spread of pathogens, and chemical contaminants. Soil pollution poses threats to food security, nutrition, and ecosystem health, while emerging contaminants such as microplastics, nanomaterials, and PFAS raise alarming risks for the future. The health impact chain model, which considers hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and risk together, is a crucial tool for understanding the cumulative effects of environmental factors. With urbanization, industrialization, and climate change, environmental risks are intensifying, making vulnerable groups even more susceptible and deepening health inequalities. The public health approach addresses these issues through monitoring, evaluation, early warning systems, and protective strategies. Primordial and primary prevention should be prioritized, with cross-sectoral collaboration as a fundamental principle for reducing environmental risks. In conclusion, air, water, and soil pollution are not only environmental problems but also public health challenges linked to resilience, environmental justice, and sustainable development goals. The One Health perspective provides an integrative framework that encompasses human, animal, and environmental health, offering guidance for policymakers, local governments, and communities. Within this framework, multisectoral cooperation, strengthened legislation, climate-adapted urban planning, environmental early warning systems, and public awareness are highlighted as key strategies.