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The infiltration of microplastics in human systems: Gastrointestinal accumulation and pathogenic impacts

Heliyon 2025 10 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count.
Purendra P. Sinha, Vaishali Saini, Nidhi Varshney, Rajan Kumar Pandey, Hem Chandra Jha

Summary

This review focuses on how microplastics accumulate in the human digestive system and what health problems they might cause. The authors explain that people ingest microplastics through food, water, and air, and these particles may trigger inflammation, disrupt gut bacteria, and potentially contribute to gastrointestinal diseases.

Body Systems

Microplastic particles have become ubiquitous in various ecosystems due to a drastic increase in plastic use and its consequent litter. The biological effects of these plastic particles on aquatic fauna are well-documented. However, the study of their accumulation and subsequent impact on terrestrial flora and fauna is in its initial stages. Furthermore, the favorable surface provided by plastics lodges various harmful substances and pathogens known to cause varied effects on human physiology. Notably, the entry of plastics into the gastrointestinal tract can result in various ailments, including dysbiosis of gut microflora and microbial biodiversity. Moreover, similar physiological ailments have been observed in humans due to the action of pathogenic microorganisms. Therefore, in this review, we aim to explore the relationship and possible amplification of pathogenesis due to the ability of plastic particles to provide favorable surfaces for the absorption and biofilm formation of such microorganisms. Additionally, there exists a possibility of carcinogenesis due to the coexistence of pathogenic microbes and micro-and nanoplastics due to their synergistic effects leading to severe human ailments.

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