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Immunological, neurological, and intestinal changes in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) exposed to the combined toxicity of Pyrogallol and microplastics
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Crayfish exposed to both the chemical pyrogallol and microplastics together suffered worse immune suppression, nerve damage, and intestinal injury than those exposed to either pollutant alone. This synergistic effect is concerning because aquatic organisms face mixtures of pollutants in real waterways, and the combined damage can move up the food chain to affect the safety of seafood consumed by humans.
This study investigates the combined effects of pyrogallol (PG) and microplastics (MPs) on the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii, evaluating their impacts both individually and in combination. Over 15 days, crayfish were exposed to 100 mg/L MPs, 10 mg/L PG, and a mixture of 10 mg/L PG + 100 mg/L MPs. The activities of serum lysozyme (LYZ), phenoxide (Phx), and acid phosphatase (ACP), along with neurological markers such as acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and nitric oxide (NO), were measured. Histological alterations in the intestines were also assessed. Results indicated that both PG and MPs, separately or jointly, decreased immune parameters (LYZ, Phx, ACP) and neurotoxic indicators (AchE, NO). Histologically, crayfish exposed to PG and MPs showed significant intestinal damage, including epithelial disorganization, tissue tearing, and necrosis, with combined exposure exacerbating these effects. These findings suggest that PG and MPs interact synergistically, particularly regarding histopathological changes, highlighting the need for monitoring wastewater effluents in aquatic ecosystems.
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Researchers exposed freshwater crayfish to microplastics and pyrogallol (a plant-derived chemical) both alone and together, and found that the combination caused worse damage than either pollutant alone. The crayfish showed liver damage, reduced antioxidant defenses, and immune system changes. Since crayfish are a common food source, this study highlights how microplastics interacting with other environmental chemicals could affect food safety.
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Researchers investigated the combined effects of microplastics and the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas hydrophila on freshwater crayfish over 30 days. The study found that co-exposure to microplastics and the pathogen caused more severe disruptions to blood biochemistry, liver oxidative balance, and immune function than either stressor alone, suggesting microplastics can amplify pathogen-related damage.
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