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Immunological, neurological, and intestinal changes in red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) exposed to the combined toxicity of Pyrogallol and microplastics

Marine Pollution Bulletin 2025 16 citations ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count. Score: 68 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.

Mohamed Hamed, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Heba Allah M. Elbaghdady, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Walaa M. Shaalan, Walaa M. Shaalan, Rashad E.M. Said, Rashad E.M. Said, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Rashad E.M. Said, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Mohamed Hamed, Mohamed Hamed, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Mohamed Hamed, Walaa M. Shaalan, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Walaa M. Shaalan, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Mohamed Hamed, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Heba Allah M. Elbaghdady, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Heba Allah M. Elbaghdady, Heba Allah M. Elbaghdady, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Walaa M. Shaalan, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Mohamed Hamed, Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed Alaa El‐Din H. Sayed

Summary

Crayfish exposed to both the chemical pyrogallol and microplastics together suffered worse immune suppression, nerve damage, and intestinal injury than those exposed to either pollutant alone. This synergistic effect is concerning because aquatic organisms face mixtures of pollutants in real waterways, and the combined damage can move up the food chain to affect the safety of seafood consumed by humans.

Body Systems

Immune Nervous

Study Type Environmental

This study investigates the combined effects of pyrogallol (PG) and microplastics (MPs) on the freshwater crayfish Procambarus clarkii, evaluating their impacts both individually and in combination. Over 15 days, crayfish were exposed to 100 mg/L MPs, 10 mg/L PG, and a mixture of 10 mg/L PG + 100 mg/L MPs. The activities of serum lysozyme (LYZ), phenoxide (Phx), and acid phosphatase (ACP), along with neurological markers such as acetylcholinesterase (AchE) and nitric oxide (NO), were measured. Histological alterations in the intestines were also assessed. Results indicated that both PG and MPs, separately or jointly, decreased immune parameters (LYZ, Phx, ACP) and neurotoxic indicators (AchE, NO). Histologically, crayfish exposed to PG and MPs showed significant intestinal damage, including epithelial disorganization, tissue tearing, and necrosis, with combined exposure exacerbating these effects. These findings suggest that PG and MPs interact synergistically, particularly regarding histopathological changes, highlighting the need for monitoring wastewater effluents in aquatic ecosystems.

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