Microplastics reduced the natural attenuation of antibiotic resistance genes in fertilized soils

The prolonged application of mulch and manure in agriculture has led to significant microplastic (MP) pollution in fertilized soils, raising global concerns about its potential impacts on soil health and ecosystem function. However, the effects of MP exposure on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial communities in fertilized soils are unknown. Therefore, we comprehensively explored the trends and drivers of ARGs during their natural abatement under the stress of conventional and biodegradable MP addition in fertilized soils using a soil microcosm experiment and metagenomic. The findings indicated that the presence of polybutylene succinate MPs (PBS-MPs) reduced the natural attenuation rate of ARGs in fertilized soils while increasing the fraction of high-risk ARGs in soils. Microbial communities and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) mainly drove the inhibitory effect of MPs on ARG abatement. Interestingly, most potential hosts for the coexistence of ARGs, metal resistance genes (MRGs), and MGEs were annotated as pathogens, such as Escherichia spp., Salmonella spp., and Klebsiella spp. In addition, MP stress in fertilized soil may lead to long-term contamination by highly virulent and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. MPs influence the distribution of carbon sources, which in turn reduces the diversity and stability of soil microbial communities, while simultaneously promoting the colonization of crucial ARG hosts, like Dyella spp. This ultimately prolonged the high-risk state for ARG proliferation in the soil. This study highlights the significant risk posed by MPs to the persistence and spread of ARGs in fertilized soils. These results provide valuable insights for managing MP contamination in agricultural systems, emphasizing the need for sustainable practices to mitigate the long-term environmental risks associated with MP pollution.