A Comprehensive Review of Polyethylene and Biodegradable Plastic Mulch Films: Impacts on Soil Health and Plant Growth

Mulching is an agricultural and horticultural practice that involves covering the soil surface with a protective layer of material to improve soil health, conserve moisture, regulate temperature, and suppress weeds. Mulches can be organic or inorganic, each offering distinct benefits. Polyethylene (PE) and biodegradable plastic mulch (BDM) films are widely used in agriculture to enhance plant growth, conserve soil moisture, and suppress weeds. PE films, known for their durability and effectiveness, improve crop yields but pose environmental concerns due to their non-biodegradability, leading to soil microplastic accumulation, reduced aeration, and potential chemical contamination. In contrast, BDM films decompose naturally through microbial activity, improving soil health by enhancing microbial diversity, reducing plastic pollution, and maintaining soil structure. Both mulch types contribute to better plant growth, but BDM films offer a sustainable alternative with minimal environmental impact. However, BDM faces challenges such as variable degradation rates and higher initial costs. A shift toward biodegradable alternatives can promote sustainable agriculture by mitigating soil degradation and plastic pollution while ensuring productive crop yields. Future research should focus on improving BDM formulations, assessing long-term impacts on soil health, and making these materials more cost-effective for widespread use.