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Micro- and nanoplastics: a global threat to health and the environment
Summary
This global review assesses the evidence for micro- and nanoplastics as threats to both environmental and human health, covering contamination of air, food, and water, and discussing the challenges of risk assessment given incomplete toxicological data.
Over recent decades, the mass production of plastics has significantly transformed consumption patterns and industrial processes, with environmental and health consequences. Among these, the growing presence of micro- and nanoplastics, tiny particles derived from the degradation of larger plastics or manufactured directly, stands out. These particles were detected in various ecosystems and in the human body, which generated scientific concern. The studies reviewed revealed that these pollutants acted as vectors of toxic substances, affecting biodiversity and posing a risk to human health by causing inflammation, endocrine disruptions and transgenerational effects. Despite advances in detection technologies and mitigation strategies — such as recycling, the circular economy and biodegradation — challenges persisted in the standardisation of methodologies, toxicological knowledge and regulatory development, making an interdisciplinary and coordinated approach urgent.
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