Comparative Analysis of Ecological Risk Assessment in Coastal Regions of India: A Case Study of Nagavali Estuary, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh

Microplastics (MPs) were detected in all water and sediment samples from six locations in the Nagavali estuarine area, marking the comprehensive assessment of MP pollution in the Srikakulam estuarine region, Andhra Pradesh, India. This ecologically and socio-economically significant area faces pollution due to semi-urban discharge and plastic waste mismanagement. Using filtration, density separation and ATR-FTIR spectroscopy, the study establishes baseline data on MP prevalence and ecological risks in Southeast Asia. Results indicate seasonal variations in MP abundance with polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate and polyvinyl chloride as dominant polymers. Risk assessments using the pollution load index and potential ecological risk index suggest moderate pollution but high ecological risks, particularly in human-influenced zones. A comparative analysis on India’s coastal regions highlights regional and seasonal variations in MP pollution and its ecological impact. This broad perspective underscores the urgent need for targeted mitigation strategies, sustainable policies and improved waste management. The findings serve as a crucial reference for monitoring temporal trends and shaping environmental policies to combat MP pollution. Addressing this pervasive issue is essential for protecting aquatic ecosystems and ensuring sustainable coastal management in India and beyond.